sitemap Particle porosity gas adsorption pore size distribution BET surface area pore size analysis mercury porosimetry density analysis chemisorption metal surface area metal dispersion catalyst characterization laser diffraction particle size analysis
particle characterization pore size distribution, porosity measurement, adsorption isotherm, BET surface area, particle size distribution, particle size analysis, surface characterization, chemical analysis, chemical composition, neutron activation analysis, dynamic light scattering, lab test, droplet size, elemental analysis, chemical laboratory, solids,laboratory
Sizing Particle and droplet size are basic features that influence the properties and performance of solids, emulsions and sprays. Conductivity, flexibility, gloss, hardness, stability, strength and taste are some of the properties that can be influenced by particle size. Size and size distributions are important in various areas such as: atmospheric aerosol dispersion, ceramic and alloy properties, catalyst performance, crystal growth, contamination of soil and liquids, wastewater management, medicine and spray effectiveness, paint performance, emulsions stability and so on. Several light scattering and electrical techniques are available in our laboratory, as well as more conventional methods as sedimentation and microscopy. Disclaimer: Instrumental particle and droplet sizing techniques do not measure the geometrical size but give an equivalent spherical diameter depending on the technique
Composition Knowledge of the chemical composition of raw materials, semi products, process streams and final products is essential for behavior, quality or for example health risk of each and every product or medium. Therefore man puts huge effort in trying to determine even the most untraceable elements. In particular for analysis of liquids and gases a wide variety of analyzers is available. Measuring the composition of solids without destruction appeared to be difficult. Apart from the traditional semi quantitative method of X-ray fluorescence, currently the more accurate and more 'multi-component' Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis is available
Analysis Sample analysis can be
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academically educated and scientific experienced specialists who earned their well
respected place in the Dutch scientific world (see our publications - item
references). visiting address postal address Delft Solids Solutions B.V. Kluyverweg 2A
Innovation Centre 2629 HT Delft The Netherlands (not for delivery services) Delft Solids
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In (PCS) or quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) the Brownian motion (movement in random direction) of sub-micron particles is measured as a function of time. A laser beam is diffracted by particles in suspension. The diffusion of particles causes rapid fluctuations in scattering intensity around a mean value at a certain angle (varying from 10 to 90°). These intensity fluctuations depend on particle size. The calculated correlation function results in a diffusion coefficient for a given temperature and viscosity which can be converted to particle size. The technique is used for determination of average particle size in a range between 3 and 3000 nm. The measurements are performed on a Coulter N4 or an ALV 5000. The report consists of a table with average and mode effective hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index, which is a measure for the width of the distribution.
Electrical sensing zone In electrical sensing zone an electrolyte solution is used to disperse particles. A tube with a narrow aperture is submerged in the solution and two electrodes are placed on both sides of the aperture. Electrolyte and particles travel through the aperture and the resistance proportional to the particle volume is measured. Each individual particle is counted and categorized in the appropriate size class. The technique is used for characterizing and counting narrow distributions within the range of 0.6 to 1200 µm. Particles in low concentration solutions, powders and biological material can be analyzed. The measurements are performed on a Coulter Multisizer II. The report consists of a graph showing the cumulative and differential volume or number distributions and statistics as the mode, mean and median diameter, skew ness and kurtosis, standard deviation etc.
Scanning electron microscopy In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) a source of electrons is focused into a fine probe that is rastered over the surface of the specimen. The sample is coated with a thin gold layer and bombarded with electrons to visualize the surface, which is constantly scanned and reconstructed. A detector collects a part of the emitted electrons and an image is built by signal modulation and amplification which looks just like the object. Magnifications up to 20.000 times can be used. The technique is often used when visualization of a sample is required in order to detect size and shape effects or to create a better understanding of the material behavior. The measurements are performed on a Philips SEM XL20; the report consists of pictures and a brief evaluation of the analysis.
Gravitational sedimentation In gravitational sedimentation (originally the pipette method) the settling rate of particles in liquid is measured and related to the mass by use of the Stokes law. Nowadays the settling rate is determined by measuring x-ray transmission in the liquid at specific heights and time intervals and a size distribution based on difference in mass is calculated. The technique is suitable for any material containing elements with Z > 12 and is popular for determination of clay fractions in soil samples. The sizing range, determined by laminar flow, is from 1 to 300 µm. The measurements are performed on a Micromeritics Sedigraph 5100 and the report consists of a graph showing the cumulative and differential mass distribution and statistics as the mode, mean and median diameter, standard deviation etc.
Phase Doppler Velocimetry In laser Doppler velocimetry particles are radiated by two laser beams and the phase shift of the scattered light signals is measured. Two laser beams are split into four beams of equal intensity. The beams are focused and made to intersect. The scattered light from particles passing through the beams at their intersection is mixed at the photo detector surface and gives a ‘difference’ signal. Since the rays enter the particle at different angles, the optical paths to a common arbitrary point on the detector differ; the light waves are shifted relatively to each other. Two detectors allow determination of particle size. The technique is used for determination of droplet size and velocity distribution in sprays and nozzles from 0.5 to 90 µm. The measurements are performed on a TSI Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer and the report consists of size and velocity distribution results.
Laser diffraction In laser diffraction (static light scattering) the scattering pattern, obtained from illumination of dispersed particles with a laser beam, contains information about particle size. The interaction between particles and light is mainly dependent on particle size, shape, surface roughness and refractive indices of material and dispersing medium. For a specific material, the scattering pattern of a particle is unique for its size. Deconvolution of the sample scattering pattern with an optical model such as Mie or Fraunhofer results in the particle size distribution. The technique is especially applicable to samples with a broad or bimodal distribution and for information on size trends in series of samples. Materials can be characterized in the range of 0.04 to 2000 µm and dispersion can be made in water, organic liquid as well as air. The measurements are performed on a Malvern Mastersizer, Coulter LS 230 or a Cilas 1064. The report consists of a graph showing the cumulative and differential volume distributions and statistics as the mode, mean and median diameter, skewness and kurtosis, standard deviation etc.
Sieve analysis In sieve analysis a powder is separated into specified size fractions. Both mechanical sieving and sonic sieving are available. The separation range is from 37 µm to 10 mm. The measurements are performed on ATM, Retsch or Stork Veco sieves. The results are given in sieve fractions and cumulative mass distribution.
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